{"version":"1.0","provider_name":"Food and Faith","provider_url":"https:\/\/centernet.pcusa.org\/food-faith","author_name":"Andrew Kang Bartlett","author_url":"https:\/\/centernet.pcusa.org\/food-faith\/author\/andrewkangbartlett\/","title":"Ha-Joon Chang uncovers what\u2019s worked in agricultural policy","type":"rich","width":600,"height":338,"html":"<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"TMrK0jWo7m\"><a href=\"https:\/\/centernet.pcusa.org\/food-faith\/chang-uncovers\/\">Ha-Joon Chang uncovers what\u2019s worked in agricultural policy<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" src=\"https:\/\/centernet.pcusa.org\/food-faith\/chang-uncovers\/embed\/#?secret=TMrK0jWo7m\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" title=\"&#8220;Ha-Joon Chang uncovers what\u2019s worked in agricultural policy&#8221; &#8212; Food and Faith\" data-secret=\"TMrK0jWo7m\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\n\/*! This file is auto-generated *\/\n!function(d,l){\"use strict\";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&\"undefined\"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!\/[^a-zA-Z0-9]\/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),c=new RegExp(\"^https?:$\",\"i\"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display=\"none\";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute(\"style\"),\"height\"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):\"link\"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute(\"src\")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener(\"message\",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll(\"iframe.wp-embedded-content\"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute(\"data-secret\"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+=\"#?secret=\"+t,e.setAttribute(\"data-secret\",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:\"ready\",secret:t},\"*\")},!1)))}(window,document);\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script>\n","description":"Ha-Joon's analysis in \"Kicking Away the Ladder\" helped me to understand that the United States has been trying to push on developing countries a path of development based on myth, not on the actual history of how the U.S. and European countries developed. The very trade rules we are pushing into international policy via Free Trade Agreements and the WTO would likely have thwarted our development as a country.  Now Ha-Joon has done a similar analysis on our agricultural system. This summary shows how countries have successfully taken alternative approaches to the conventional ideologies pushed by U.S. institutions:    \u2018In the earlier stages of development, today\u2019s rich countries had to grapple with the very problems that dog the agricultural sector of today\u2019s developing countries \u2013 land tenure, land degradation, fragmentation of holdings, agricultural research, extension services, rural credit, irrigation, transport, fertilizers, seeds, price and income stabilities, trade shocks, agro-processing, marketing, and so on.    Many successful policy interventions have gone well beyond (or even against) the scope recommended by the New Conventional Wisdom (NCW), which has ruled agricultural (as well as other) policies in the last quarter of a century:    \u00b7 Japan and other East Asian countries had a very successful comprehensive land reform that included strict land ownership ceilings.    \u00b7 Virtually all of today\u2019s rich countries used state-backed specialized rural banks and credit subsidies, state-subsidized agricultural insurance, public provision or subsidization of warehousing facilities, and input (e.g. fertilizers) quality control    \u00b7 Denmark and some other European countries benefited from effective export marketing boards    \u00b7 The USA and Japan successfully used price stabilization measures    \u2018History frees our \u201cpolicy imagination\u201d by showing that the range of policies and institutions that have produced positive outcomes for agricultural development has been much wider than any particular ideological position \u2013 be it the pre-1980s statist one or the pro-market NCW \u2013 would admit.\u2019"}